The Need for Agent Oversight in the Wild West of NIL

Authors

  • Leonard Genova University of Georgia
  • Thomas Baker University of Georgia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18060/28809

Keywords:

NCAA, NIL, amateurism, agent, eligibility, name, image, and likeness

Abstract

This article examines the changing legal landscape surrounding amateur athleticism that has evolved with the passage of the Fair Pay to Play Act that has made it legal for college athletes to be compensated for their name, image, and likeness [NIL]. Tracing the legal foundations that have created this new definition of amateurism, the article probes the problems that have now arisen based on the lack of specific policies and regulation, specifically the absence of any meaningful oversight of sports agents. There exists a history of athlete exploitation at the hands of agents in college sports. The redefinition of amateurism in the NIL era has upended traditional boundaries in college sports, exposing major issues in agent regulation. The shift has collided with a fragmented legal framework that includes a patchwork of state NIL laws and seldom enforced and possibly outdated existing statutes, leaving college athletes vulnerable and regulatory enforcement inconsistent. This article explores problems and concerns involving athlete representation in college sports and concludes with the exploration of the most practical solutions to protect college athletes from unscrupulous agents until a more comprehensive and permanent solution can be created.

 

Author Biographies

Leonard Genova, University of Georgia

Leonard Genova, JD, is a PhD candidate in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Georgia. His research interests include sport law and the governance of intercollegiate athletics.

Thomas Baker, University of Georgia

Thomas Baker, PhD, JD, is a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Georgia. His research interests include sport law and the commercial regulation of professional and collegiate sport.

References

Works Cited

A Sports Agent’s Role in the World of NIL: Part II. (n.d.). Athletic Director U. https://athleticdirectoru.com/sanil/a-sports-agents-role-in-the-world-of-nil-part-ii/

Auerbach, N, & Vorkunov, M. (2022, August 12). Understanding Johnson v. NCAA, the next case that could upend the college sports model. The Athletic. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3497617/2022/08/12/johnson-v-ncaa-college-athletes-employees/

Axson, S. (2015, July 14). NCAA Ordered to pay $46 million in Ed O’Bannon Lawyers Fees. SI.com. Retrieved from https://www.si.com/college/2015/07/14/ncaa-46-million-judgment-antitrust-lawsuit

Baker, T. (2022, October 31). New NCAA NIL Clarifications Expose College Athletes to Risk By Removing Schools From the Process. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbaker/2022/10/31/new-ncaa-nil-clarifications-expose-college-athletes-to-risk-by-removing-schools-from-the-process/?sh=5088697b549f.

Bayard, D. (2020). After Further Review: How the NCAA’s Division I Should Implement Name, Image, and Likeness Rights to Save Themselves and Best Preserve the Integrity of College Athletics. Southern University, Law Review, Forthcoming.

Brautigan, B. (2017, October 3). Cam Newton and 10 College Athletes in scandal: Is it their fault or the system?. Bleacher Report. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/514177-10-college-athletes-involved-in-scandals-is-it-their-fault-or-the-system

Burns, H. (2021, September 30). NLRB memo says athletes at private universities are employees. Here’s what that could mean for schools. Baltimore Business Journal. Retrieved from https://www.bizjournals.com/bizjournals/news/2021/09/30/nlrb-memo-college-athletes-employees.html.

Butler, D. (2022, October 24). Blog: Highest Paid College athletes. Icon Source. https://iconsource.com/blog/highest-paid-college-athletes/

California-2021-Sb26-Chaptered, legiscan.com/CA/text/SB26/id/2430916/California-2021-SB26-Chaptered.html. Accessed 11 July 2024.

Christovich, A. (2024, April 22). What’s next in the pivotal USC Athlete Employment Case. Front Office Sports. https://frontofficesports.com/hearings-have-concluded-in-the-pivotal-usc-athlete-employment-case-whats-next/

Clifton, G. E. (2023, August 25). New Labor Board general counsel rescinds guidance declaring student-athletes “employees.” Legal News & Business Law News. https://natlawreview.com/article/new-labor-board-general-counsel-rescinds-guidance-declaring-student-athletes

College Athlete Right to Organize Act, S. 1929, 117th Cong. (2021).

Congressional Research Service. (2004, June 22). Clarett v. National Football League and the nonstatutory labor exemption in antitrust suits. EveryCRSReport.com. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RS21869.html

Cox, L. (1992). Targeting sports agents with the mail fraud statute: United States v. Norby Walters & Lloyd Bloom. Duke Law Journal, 41(5), 1157. https://doi.org/10.2307/1372763.

Dellenger, R. (2022, May 2). Big Money Donors Have Stepped Out of the Shadows to Create ‘Chaotic’ NIL Market. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved from https://www.si.com/college/2022/05/02/nil-name-image-likeness-experts-divided-over-boosters-laws-recruiting.

Dosh, K. (2021, April 29). After leading the way on college athlete pay, Florida is poised to move back Nil Start Date. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristidosh/2021/04/29/after-leading-the-way-florida-poised-to-move-back-nil-start-date/

Dosh, K. (2024, June 4). 10 things to know about the NCAA’s house settlement. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristidosh/2024/05/24/10-things-to-know-about-the-ncaas-house-settlement/

Edelman, M. (2012). Disarming the Trojan Horse of the UAAA and SPARTA: How America Should Reform its Sports Agent Laws to Conform with True Agency Principles. Harvard Sports and Entertainment Law Journal, 4 (2), 145-189.

Eisenband, J. (2017, September 30). North Carolina tarheels scandal: Marvin Austin and co.. suspended for entire year. Bleacher Report. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/488187-north-carolina-scandal-austin-quinn-little-all-suspended-for-season

ESPN Internet Ventures. (2023, January 20). A $13-million nil deal gone wrong, a top QB recruit and what happens next. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/35482485/jaden-rashada-faq-top-recruit-nil-deal-florida-football

Fair college sports act. (n.d.-f). https://bilirakis.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/bilirakis.house.gov/files/evo-media-document/fair-college-sports-act_1.pdf

Florio, M. (2021, June 20). Looming launch of Nil Rights has some NFL agents mobilizing. NBC Sports. https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/looming-launch-of-nil-rights-has-some-nfl-agents-mobilizing.

Foley & Lardner LLP. (2023, March). NIL presumption: The newest NCAA measure to address legal concerns. Foley & Lardner LLP. https://www.foley.com/insights/publications/2023/03/nil-presumption-newest-ncaa-measure-legal/

From Ed O’Bannon to a pared-down NCAA proposal: A timeline of name, image and likeness. (n.d.-a). https://www.newsobserver.com/sports/article252451713.html

Goldman, L. (1989). The labor exemption to the antitrust laws as applied to employees' labor market restraints in sports and non-sports markets. Utah Law Review, 1989(3), 617–653.

Hayward, M. (2023, December 13). Dartmouth Hoop players, college await ruling on unionization. NH Business Review. https://www.nhbr.com/dartmouth-hoop-players-college-await-ruling-on-unionization/

Henderson, N. (2024, October 4). The NCAA gambled on nil revenue sharing... and lost. NIL Daily On SI. https://www.si.com/fannation/name-image-likeness/nil-news/the-ncaa-gambled-on-nil-revenue-sharing-and-lost

Hill, R. & Wohlwend, J.D. (2022, November 18). Alabama and Florida Call an Audible on NIL Laws. The National Law Review. Retrieved from https://www.bradley.com/insights/publications/2022/03/alabama-and-florida-call-an-audible-on-nil-laws,

History. (n.d.). NCAA.org.https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2021/5/4/history.aspx

Hobson, W., & Bonesteel, M. (2021, October 23). College basketball coaches charged with accepting bribes in federal corruption case. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2017/09/26/justice-department-charges-college-basketball-coaches-with-accepting-bribes-in-corruption-case/

Jindal, R. (2024, May 28). Breaking down the House v. NCAA settlement and the possible future of revenue sharing in college athletics. The Chronicle. https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2024/05/duke-athletics-ncaa-house-settlement-nil-revenue-sharing-college-sports-hubbard-carter

Kahler, K. (2021, July 15). Nil is transforming the NFL agent business, too. Defector. https://defector.com/nil-is-transforming-the-nfl-agent-business-too

Karcher, R. T. (2007). Fundamental fairness in union regulation of sports agents. Connecticut Law Review, 40, 355–408

Kestenbaum, S. (2014). Uniform alternative dispute resolution: The answer to preventing unscrupulous agent activity. Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, 14(1), 55–89.

Landry, J. & Baker, T.A. III. (2019). Change or Be Changed: A Proposal for the NCAA to Combat Corruption and Unfairness by Proactively Reforming Its Regulation of Athlete Publicity Rights [article]. New York University Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law (JIPEL), 9(1), 1-61.

Litbit, D. (2022a, December 15). NLRB Region Finds USC, Pac-12 and NCAA Employ Trojan Athletes. Sportico, The Business of Sport. Retrieved from https://www.sportico.com/leagues/college-sports/2022/nlrb-usc-pac-12-ncaa-trojan-athletes-1234698669/

Litbit, D. (2024b, January 19). Congressional NIL Hearing Exposes Partisan Divide on Athlete Pay. Sportico, The Business of Sport. Retrieved from https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2024/congressional-nil-hearing-bipartisanship-breakdown-1234763402/

Libit, D. (2025, January 10). College Players Group Drops NLRB charge against USC, NCAA and Pac-12. Sportico.com. https://www.sportico.com/leagues/college-sports/2025/ncpa-withdraws-unfair-labor-practice-charge-1234823448/

Mackey v. National Football League, 543 F.2d 606 (8th Cir. 1976), cert. dismissed, 434 U.S. 801 (1977).

Mandel, B. F. and S. (n.d.). Is the UNLV and Matt Sluka Nil divorce a sign of what’s to come in college sports? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5803997/2024/10/01/college-football-nil-matt-sluka-unlv-ncaa/

McCann, M. (2023a, October 5). Dartmouth Men’s Basketball Makes Employment Case at NLRB. Sportico, The Business of Sport. Retrieved from https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2023/dartmouth-mens-basketball-employees-nlrb-1234741295/

McCann, M. (2023b, October 30). NLRB Joint Employer Test Key Factor in College Athlete Employee Fight. Sportico, The Business of Sport. Retrieved from https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2023/nlrbs-joint-employer-ncaa-college-sports-1234743845/

McCann. M. (2024a, February 5). Dartmouth Men’s Basketball Players Are Employees, Union Vote Next. Sportico, The Business of Sport. Retrieved from https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2024/dartmouth-mens-basketball-players-employees-nlrb-1234765495/

McCann, M. (2024b, September 25). Dartmouth challenges NLRB complaint in men’s basketball case . Sportico.com. https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2024/dartmouth-college-nlrb-answer-complaint-1234798663/

McCann, M. (2024c, October 7). NCAA house settlement preliminarily approved. Sportico.com. https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2024/ncaa-house-settlement-preliminarily-approved-college-sports-1234800114/

McCann, M. (2024d, December 31). Dartmouth basketball moves to drop unionization push. Sportico.com. https://www.sportico.com/law/analysis/2024/dartmouth-basketball-withdraws-nlrb-petition-1234822294/

Murphy, D. (2025, January 9). Effort to Unionize College Athletes Hits Stumbling Block. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/43361128/effort-unionize-college-athletes-hits-stumbling-block

Nakos, P. (2022, July 18). Greg Sankey sounds off on lack of NIL oversight at SEC media days. On3. https://www.on3.com/nil/news/greg-sankey-nil-oversight-sec-meida-days-name-image-likeness-collectives-boosters-agents/

Naqi, K. (n.d.). Otl Probe: Mayo received money, perks from agent reps. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/news/story?id=3389049

National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston. (2021, June). Retrieved from https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512-gfbh.pdf

NCAA. (2024). NCAA Division I Manual: Article 22. Retrieved from https://nilassist.ncaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Bylaw-22.pdf

NCAA.org. (2022, October 26). DI board approves clarifications for interim NIL policy. https://www.ncaa.org/news/2022/10/26/media-center-di-board-approves-clarifications-for-interim-nil-policy.aspx

NCAA.org. (2024, January 10). Division I Council approves Nil Disclosure and Transparency rules. https://www.ncaa.org/news/2024/1/10/media-center-division-i-council-approves-nil-disclosure-and-transparency-rules.aspx

National Labor Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. § 159(a) (2012).

Nelson, T.G. (2012). Flag on the Play: The Ineffectiveness of Athlete-Agent Laws and Regulations-and How North Carolina Can Take Advantage of a Scandal to Be a Model for Reform. North Carolina Law Review, 90 (1), 800-836.

Nevin, B. (n.d.). 6 notable Division II and III Nil Athletes of 2023. https://www.2adays.com/blog/6-notable-division-ii-and-iii-nil-athletes-of-2023

NLRB shake-up: President Trump Removes Board member, Discharges General Counsel. Ogletree. (2025, January 28). https://ogletree.com/insights-resources/blog-posts/nlrb-shake-up-president-trump-removes-board-member-discharges-general-counsel/

Not So Alike: Current Impact of NIL Administration on the Regulation of Sports Agents. (n.d.). https://www.robinsonbradshaw.com/newsroom-publications-Not-So-Alike-Current-Impact-of-NIL-Administration-on -the-Regulation-of-Sports-Agents.htm

Novak, M. (2013, September 19). 19 Football Players Died in 1905, But Calls for Reform Were Mocked. Gizmodo. Retrieved from https://gizmodo.com/19-football-players-died-in-1905-but-calls-for-reform-1277528900.

O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, 802 F.3d 1049 (9th Cir. 2015).

Question and answer. (n.d.-b). https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/ncaa/NIL/NIL_QandA.pdf

Sadek, N., & Greene, R. (2023, July 18). College athletes get scammed, sign away their likenesses - BNN bloomberg. BNN. https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/college-athletes-get-scammed-sign-away-their-likenesses-1.1947217

Sharp, L.A., Moorman, A.M., & Claussen, C.L. (2014). Sport Law: A Managerial Approach. Macmillan Publishers.

Smith, M. (2019, December 16). Biggest turning point: California’s Nil Law. Sports Business Journal. https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2019/12/16/Year-End-Awards/Turning-Point.aspx

Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 7801–7807 (2004).

Staff, S. (2010, October 12). Confessions of an agent. Sports Illustrated. https://www.si.com/more-sports/2010/10/12/agent

Staff, T. A. C. F. (n.d.). Jaden Rashada’s unprecedented recruitment: How a 4-star QB went from $13.85 million to no nil deal . The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4149181/2023/02/06/jaden-rashada-nil/

Swarbrick, J. (2023). Name, image and likeness and the future of college sports: Before the S. Comm. on Jud., 118th Cong. 3-4 (Written testimony).

The College Athletes Protection and Compensation Act of 2023, S. 5045, 118th Congress (2023). https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/5045

The Protecting Athletes, Schools and Sport Act of 2023, S. 1234, 118th Congress (2023). https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1234

Treadwell, S. An Examination of the Nonstatutory Labor Exemptions from the Antitrust Laws, in the Context of Professional Sports, 23 Fordham Urb. L.J. 955 (1996).

Uggetti, P. (n.d.). Regie Bush sues USC, Pac-12, NCAA for Nil Compensation. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/41402577/reggie-bush-sues-usc-pac-12-ncaa-nil-compensation

United States v. National Football League, 116 F. Supp. 319, 323 (E.D. Pa. 1953).

Vansant, J. H. (2024). Standing shoulder pad to shoulder pad: Collective bargaining in college athletics. Virginia Law Review Online, 110(July), 89–118.

Weistart, J. C., & Lowell, C. H. (1979). The law of sports (Section 507, pp. 595–596).

Willenbacher, E. (2004). Regulating Sports Agents: Why Current Federal and State Efforts Do Not Deter the Unscrupulous Athlete-Agent and How a National Licensing System May Cure the Problem. St. John’s Law Review, 78, 1225.

Wittry, A. (2021, May 7). Power 5 schools are most likely to offer third-party Nil Services. Power 5 schools are most likely to offer third-party NIL services. https://andywittry.substack.com/p/power-5-schools-roughly-twice-as

Wittry, A. (2022, October 31). Does NIL guidance impact BLVD, South Carolina’s “in-house agency”? On3. https//www.on3.com/nil/news/south-carolina/-nil-agency-esm-everett-sports-marketing-park-ave-usc-trojans-blvd/

Wohlwend, J. D., & Denniston, M. S. (n.d.). Bringing down the house: House v. NCAA could potentially mean big changes for collegiate nil rules. Bradley. https://www.bradley.com/insights/publications/2023/10/bringing-down-the-house-house-v-ncaa-could-potentially-mean-big-changes-for-collegiate-nil-rules

Yahoo! (n.d.). UNLV QB quits, claims “commitments” were unfulfilled in what could be first midseason pay dispute in college football. Yahoo! Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/unlv-qb-quits-claims-commitments-212338114.html

Downloads

Published

2026-02-23

Issue

Section

Original Research